The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.
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已经提出了分裂学习(SL)以分散的方式训练深度学习模型。对于具有垂直数据分配的分散医疗保健应用,SL可以有益,因为它允许具有互补功能或图像的机构为一组共享的患者共同开发更强大且可推广的模型。在这项工作中,我们提出了“ split-u-net”,并成功地将SL应用于协作生物医学图像分割。但是,SL需要交换中间激活图和梯度,以允许跨不同特征空间的训练模型,这可能会泄漏数据并提高隐私问题。因此,我们还量化了用于生物医学图像分割的常见SL情况下的数据泄漏量,并通过应用适当的防御策略提供了抵消此类泄漏的方法。
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我们提出了全球环境视觉变压器(GC VIT),这是一种新的结构,可增强参数和计算利用率。我们的方法利用了与本地自我注意的联合的全球自我发项模块,以有效但有效地建模长和短距离的空间相互作用,而无需昂贵的操作,例如计算注意力面罩或移动本地窗户。此外,我们通过建议在我们的体系结构中使用修改后的融合倒置残差块来解决VIT中缺乏归纳偏差的问题。我们提出的GC VIT在图像分类,对象检测和语义分割任务中实现了最新的结果。在用于分类的ImagEnet-1k数据集上,基本,小而微小的GC VIT,$ 28 $ M,$ 51 $ M和$ 90 $ M参数实现$ \ textbf {83.2 \%} $,$ \ textbf {83.9 \%} $和$ \ textbf {84.4 \%} $ top-1的精度,超过了相当大的先前艺术,例如基于CNN的Convnext和基于VIT的Swin Transformer,其优势大大。在对象检测,实例分割和使用MS Coco和ADE20K数据集的下游任务中,预训练的GC VIT主机在对象检测,实例分割和语义分割的任务中始终如一地超过事务,有时是通过大余量。可在https://github.com/nvlabs/gcvit上获得代码。
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联合学习(FL)是一种分布式机器学习技术,可以在避免明确的数据共享的同时进行协作模型培训。 FL算法的固有保护属性使其对医疗领域特别有吸引力。但是,如果有异质的客户数据分布,则标准FL方法是不稳定的,需要密集的超参数调整以实现最佳性能。常规的超参数优化算法在现实世界中的FL应用中是不切实际的,因为它们涉及大量的培训试验,而计算预算有限,这些试验通常是不起作用的。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种有效的增强学习(RL)的联合次数超参数优化算法,称为自动FEDRL,其中在线RL代理可以根据当前的培训进度动态调整每个客户的超参数。进行了广泛的实验以研究不同的搜索策略和RL代理。该方法的有效性在CIFAR-10数据集的异质数据分配以及两个现实世界中的医学图像分割数据集上进行了验证,用于胸部CT中的COVID-19变病变分段,腹部CT中的胰腺细分。
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脑肿瘤的语义分割是一个基本的医学图像分析任务,涉及多个MRI成像方式,可以帮助临床医生诊断患者并先后研究恶性实体的进展。近年来,完全卷积神经网络(FCNNS)方法已成为3D医学图像分割的事实标准。受欢迎的“U形”网络架构在不同的2D和3D语义分割任务和各种成像方式上实现了最先进的性能基准。然而,由于FCNNS中的卷积层的核心大小有限,它们的建模远程信息的性能是次优的,这可能导致具有可变尺寸的肿瘤分割的缺陷。另一方面,变压器模型在捕获多个域中的这种远程信息,包括自然语言处理和计算机视觉中的卓越功能。灵感来自视觉变形金刚的成功及其变体,我们提出了一种新的分割模型,被称为往返博物馆变压器(Swin Unet)。具体地,3D脑肿瘤语义分割的任务被重新重整为序列预测问题的序列,其中多模态输入数据被投射到嵌入的1D序列并用作作为编码器的分层SWIN变压器的输入。 SWIN变压器编码器通过利用移位窗口来提取五个不同分辨率的特征,以通过跳过连接在每个分辨率下连接到每个分辨率的基于FCNN的解码器。我们参与了Brats 2021分割挑战,我们所提出的模型在验证阶段的最佳方法中排名。代码:https://monai.io/research/swin-unetr.
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由于物体形状和图案(例如器官或肿瘤)的高可变性,3D医学图像的语义分割是一个具有挑战性的任务。鉴于最近在医学图像分割中深入学习的成功,已经引入了神经结构搜索(NAS)以查找高性能3D分段网络架构。但是,由于3D数据的大量计算要求和架构搜索的离散优化性质,之前的NAS方法需要很长的搜索时间或必要的连续放松,并且通常导致次优网络架构。虽然单次NAS可能会解决这些缺点,但其在分段域中的应用尚未在膨胀的多尺度多路径搜索空间中进行很好地研究。为了为医学图像分割启用一次性NAS,我们的方法名为Hypersegnas,介绍了通过结合建筑拓扑信息来帮助超级培训培训。在培训超级网络培训并在架构搜索期间引入开销时,可以删除这种超空头。我们表明,与以前的最先进的(SOTA)分割网络相比,Hypersegnas产生更好的表现和更直观的架构;此外,它可以在不同的计算限制下快速准确地找到良好的体系结构候选者。我们的方法是在医疗细分Decovaton(MSD)挑战的公共数据集上评估,并实现了SOTA表演。
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深度学习(DL)模型为各种医学成像基准挑战提供了最先进的性能,包括脑肿瘤细分(BRATS)挑战。然而,局灶性病理多隔室分割(例如,肿瘤和病变子区)的任务特别具有挑战性,并且潜在的错误阻碍DL模型转化为临床工作流程。量化不确定形式的DL模型预测的可靠性,可以实现最不确定的地区的临床审查,从而建立信任并铺平临床翻译。最近,已经引入了许多不确定性估计方法,用于DL医学图像分割任务。开发指标评估和比较不确定性措施的表现将有助于最终用户制定更明智的决策。在本研究中,我们探索并评估在Brats 2019-2020任务期间开发的公制,以对不确定量化量化(Qu-Brats),并旨在评估和排列脑肿瘤多隔室分割的不确定性估计。该公制(1)奖励不确定性估计,对正确断言产生高置信度,以及在不正确的断言处分配低置信水平的估计数,(2)惩罚导致更高百分比的无关正确断言百分比的不确定性措施。我们进一步基准测试由14个独立参与的Qu-Brats 2020的分割不确定性,所有这些都参与了主要的Brats细分任务。总体而言,我们的研究结果证实了不确定性估计提供了分割算法的重要性和互补价值,因此突出了医学图像分析中不确定性量化的需求。我们的评估代码在HTTPS://github.com/ragmeh11/qu-brats公开提供。
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视觉变形金刚(VIT)S表现出可观的全球和本地陈述的自我监督学习表现,可以转移到下游应用程序。灵感来自这些结果,我们介绍了一种新的自我监督学习框架,具有用于医学图像分析的定制代理任务。具体而言,我们提出:(i)以新的3D变压器为基础的型号,被称为往返变压器(Swin Unet),具有分层编码器,用于自我监督的预训练; (ii)用于学习人类解剖学潜在模式的定制代理任务。我们展示了来自各种身体器官的5,050个公共可用的计算机断层扫描(CT)图像的提出模型的成功预培训。通过微调超出颅穹窿(BTCV)分割挑战的预先调整训练模型和来自医疗细分牌组(MSD)数据集的分割任务,通过微调训练有素的模型来验证我们的方法的有效性。我们的模型目前是MSD和BTCV数据集的公共测试排行榜上的最先进的(即第1号)。代码:https://monai.io/research/swin-unetr.
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Fully Convolutional Neural Networks (FCNNs) with contracting and expanding paths have shown prominence for the majority of medical image segmentation applications since the past decade. In FCNNs, the encoder plays an integral role by learning both global and local features and contextual representations which can be utilized for semantic output prediction by the decoder. Despite their success, the locality of convolutional layers in FCNNs, limits the capability of learning long-range spatial dependencies. Inspired by the recent success of transformers for Natural Language Processing (NLP) in long-range sequence learning, we reformulate the task of volumetric (3D) medical image segmentation as a sequence-to-sequence prediction problem. We introduce a novel architecture, dubbed as UNEt TRansformers (UNETR), that utilizes a transformer as the encoder to learn sequence representations of the input volume and effectively capture the global multi-scale information, while also following the successful "U-shaped" network design for the encoder and decoder. The transformer encoder is directly connected to a decoder via skip connections at different resolutions to compute the final semantic segmentation output. We have validated the performance of our method on the Multi Atlas Labeling Beyond The Cranial Vault (BTCV) dataset for multiorgan segmentation and the Medical Segmentation Decathlon (MSD) dataset for brain tumor and spleen segmentation tasks. Our benchmarks demonstrate new state-of-the-art performance on the BTCV leaderboard. Code: https://monai.io/research/unetr
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